What are common complications of hemodialysis?

The answer identifies common complications associated with hemodialysis, which is a vital treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. Hemodialysis involves filtering waste products and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys can no longer perform this function effectively.

During hemodialysis, patients often experience hypotension, which refers to an abnormally low blood pressure that can occur due to rapid fluid removal. This sudden shift can lead to dizziness, fainting, or a general feeling of weakness.

Muscle cramps are another frequent complication that can arise during or after dialysis sessions. These cramps are generally linked to rapid changes in fluid and electrolyte levels, particularly sodium and potassium, which can lead to imbalances in the body.

Nausea is also commonly reported among patients undergoing hemodialysis. This can result from the buildup of toxins that the hemodialysis process is meant to address or from the body's reaction to the changing fluid levels.

Infection is a significant concern, particularly at the access site where the dialysis is performed or due to catheter use. Maintaining strict hygiene and aseptic techniques is crucial to mitigate this risk.

The other options do not align with the typical experiences of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Heart surgery and kidney transplantation may