What is the primary concern when air is present in the dialyzer?

When air is present in the dialyzer, multiple significant issues can arise, leading to the conclusion that all concerns listed are valid.

The presence of air can cause increased pressure within the dialyzer. This can lead to the potential for damage to both the dialyzer and the bloodlines. Elevated pressure can stress the membranes and components of the dialyzer, risking physical integrity and functionality.

Additionally, air within the dialyzer poses a risk of hemolysis. The turbulence and shear forces generated by air bubbles can disrupt blood cells, leading to their rupture. Hemolysis can result in a range of complications, including anemia and the release of hemoglobin into the bloodstream, which may have adverse effects on kidney function and overall patient health.

Furthermore, the presence of air can reduce the effectiveness of the dialysis process itself. Air bubbles can interfere with the optimal flow of blood and dialysate. This disruption can compromise the efficient removal of toxins and waste products from the patient's blood, ultimately hindering the treatment's overall effectiveness.

Considering these points, the primary concern when air is present in the dialyzer encompasses all dimensions mentioned: increased pressure, risk of hemolysis, and reduced effectiveness of the dialysis treatment. Thus, selecting