Which of the following can indicate fluid overload during dialysis?

Fluid overload during dialysis can manifest through various physiological changes, and one of the most significant indicators is changes in consciousness. When the body is unable to adequately handle excess fluids, it can lead to increased intracranial pressure and cerebral edema, which may affect brain function. This can result in alterations in consciousness, such as confusion or lethargy, as the brain is impacted by the overflow of fluids in the body.

The other options, while they may indicate other issues related to fluid balance or overall health, do not specifically point to fluid overload. For example, reduced blood pressure can occur in various situations, including hypotension during dialysis but does not directly signify fluid overload. Similarly, an increased heart rate might result from a variety of causes, such as anxiety or anemia, rather than being a clear marker of fluid overload. Difficulty sleeping can be related to many factors, including discomfort, pain, or anxiety, without directly indicating fluid overload. Thus, changes in consciousness stand out as a direct potential consequence of excessive fluid retention during dialysis.